Idk why this doesn't link to the original source instead of this proxy source: https://x.com/__tinygrad__/status/2039213719155310736

Probably because you can't actually read anything more than the initial post without getting a login-wall: "Join X now to read replies on this post." (Not to mention "X" is a trash site now)

It’s often a secondary/tertiary source unless you’re looking for official statements.

A good technical project, but honestly useless in like 90% of scenarios.

You want to use an NVidia GPU for LLM ? just buy a basic PC on second hand (the GPU is the primary cost anyway), you want to use Mac for good amount of VRAM ? Buy a Mac.

With this proposed solution you have an half-backed system, the GPU is limited by the Thunderbolt port and you don’t have access to all of NVidia tool and library, and on other hand you have a system who doesn’t have the integration of native solution like MLX and a risk of breakage in future macOS update.

Chicken/egg. NVidia tooling is lacking surely in part because the hardware wasn’t usable on macOS until now. Now that it’s usable that might change.

Nvidia tooling like CUDA has worked on AArch64 UNIX-certified OSes since June of 2020: https://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-aarch64/

The software stack has been ready for Apple Silicon for more than a half decade.

From what I understand, only works with Tinygrad. Which is better than nothing but CUDA or Vulkan on pytorch isn’t going to work from this.

[1] https://docs.tinygrad.org/tinygpu/

I don't know how Apple has evaded regulatory scrutiny for their refusal to sign Nvidia's eGPU drivers since 2018.

The government doesn’t care? They’re a minority of the market? The vast majority of their computers didn’t have slots to put Nvidia GPUs in, and now none of them do?

They said eGPU

Yeh external GPU

Evidence that NVIDIA has even been trying? My understanding is that Apple didn’t allow 3rd parties to write graphics drivers past 10.13, but they could’ve done a non-graphics driver like this.

Apple doesn’t have a monopoly in any market they are in.

It depends how you define the market. In the 2001 microsoft case [0], the courts ruled Microsoft had a monopoly over the "Intel-based personal computer market".

Apple has a monopoly over the "M-chip" personal computer market. They have a monopoly over the iOS market with the app store. They have a monopoly over the driver market on macOS.

Like, Microsoft was found guilty of exploiting its monopoly for installing IE by default while still allowing other browser engines. On iOS, apple bundles safari by default and doesn't allow other browser engines.

If we apply the same standard that found MS a monopoly in the past, then Apple is obviously a monopoly, so at the very least I think it's fair to say that reasonable people can disagree about whether Apple is a monopoly or not.

[0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Cor....

I wouldn’t say it is obvious. Apple does not have the monopoly of ARM based PCs. Labeling it as a monopoly of M chips is not fair or accurate when comparing to MS on Intel. It’s also probably relevant that MS was not selling PCs or their own hardware. They had a monopoly on a market where you effectively had to use their software to use the hardware you bought from a different company. Because Apple is selling their own hardware and software as a single product, the consumer is not forced into restricting the hardware they bought by a second company’s policies.

> Labeling it as a monopoly of M chips is not fair or accurate when comparing to MS on Intel.

The relevant thing here isn't the chips, it's tying things to the chips, because those would otherwise be separate markets. If you could feasibly buy an iPhone and install Android or Lineage OS on it or use Google Play or F-Droid on iOS then no one would be saying that Apple has a monopoly on operating systems or app stores for iOS since there would actually be alternatives to theirs.

The fake alternative is that you could use a different store by buying a different phone, but this is like saying that if Toyota is the only one who can change the brake pads on a Toyota and Ford is the only one who can change the brake pads on a Ford then there is competition for "brake pads" because when your Toyota needs new brake pads you can just buy a Ford vehicle. It's obvious why this is different than anyone being able to buy third party brake pads for your Toyota from Autozone, right?

> It’s also probably relevant that MS was not selling PCs or their own hardware.

This is the thing that unambiguously should never be relevant. It can't be a real thing that you can avoid being a monopoly by owning more of the supply chain. It's like saying that Microsoft could have avoided being a monopoly by buying Intel and AMD, or buying one of them and then exterminating the other by refusing to put Windows on it. That's a preposterous perverse incentive.

> It can't be a real thing that you can avoid being a monopoly by owning more of the supply chain.

Move the most important aspects of your software to hardware. Hard for MacOS but for a Chromebook style thing you could write the browser into its own pice of wafer.

Google should pay me to be this evil.

Well “had to use” is a strong phrase here. Linux was already around and you could have used it too with your hardware. I think you can always bend an argument to fit your point.

The PC manufacturers had to pay MS for a license no matter what operating system was installed.

Indeed. Pepperidge Farm remembers Microsoft's campaign against "naked PCs"

Yes. If you define the market in a ridiculous manner and convince a court to go along with it, anybody can be a monopoly.

But the M series are an Apple product line designed by Apple with a ARM license and produced on contract by TSMC for use in other Apple products.

Don’t assume the facts from another case automatically apply in other cases.

Or as Justice Jackson once put it: “Other cases presenting different allegations and different records may lead to different conclusions”

I don't think any of what you're describing are legal "monopolies". I don't have a single Apple product in my life but I'm fairly sure there's nothing I'm prevented from doing because of that.

And back in the "Microsoft has a monopoly on IE6" ruling's days, I did not use Windows or Internet Explorer, and I was not prevented from doing anything because of that. Netscape Navigator on Linux worked fine. Sure, I occasionally hit sites that were broken and only worked in IE, but I also right now frequently hit apps that are "macOS only" (like when Claude Cowork released, or a ton of other YC company's apps).

Microsoft was found guilty, so clearly the bar is not what you're trying to claim.

Microsoft was found guilty of using their market power to do product bundling, which is illegal. The fact that they had dominance in the market is not what they got popped for, nor is it illegal.

You just described Apple.

Apple has not, to my knowledge, required OEMs to bundle Safari with macOS alongside threats to withhold macOS if they don’t comply expressly to put Firefox out of business.

But hey, maybe some weird shit happened during the clone years that I’m not privy to.

Apple requires Developers to use AppStore with their App alongside threats to withhold their App if they don’t comply.

Just an example… and yes, I know the EU ruling but it’s still fitting.

Let me know how I can unbundle Safari from macOS or iOS.

Go ahead, I'll wait.

It's possible on the Mac, but it's not easy. Apple uses an immutable system volume on macOS, so you can't just delete the Safari app like you would a user-installed app. To actually delete Safari you need to disable System Integrity Protection and reboot.

There are plenty of Linux distributions that use immutable root volumes. They protect the user in a huge number of ways by preventing the system from getting hosed (either by accident or by malicious unauthorized users / malware). Apple made the decision to do this for their users, and it has prevented a HUGE amount of tech support calls, as well as led to millions of happy users with trouble-free computers.

It also hasn't stopped users from installing Chrome and/or Firefox on their Macs, and millions of ordinary users have.

Yes, but that was coupled with other factors like them strongarming vendors, already being hugely dominant on desktops and abusing that position et al. I don't see this as being the same. Maybe my bar here is wrong, but it doesn't change whether they are a monopoly or not.

You were not prevented from doing anything, but that doesn’t mean others weren’t. For example, OEMs were not allowed to offer any other preinstalled OS as a default option. That effectively killed Be and I’m sure hindered RedHat.

That’s not how monopoly definitions work. That makes about as much sense as saying Nintendo has a monopoly on Nintendo consoles or Ford has a monopoly on Mustangs

> Apple has a monopoly over the "M-chip" personal computer market. They have a monopoly over the iOS market with the app store

When a company is deemed an illegal monopoly, the DoJ basically becomes part of management. Antitrust settlements focus on germane elements, e.g. spin offs. But they also frequently include random terms of political convenience.

I don’t think we want a precedent where companies having a product means they have an automatic monopoly on said product.

More to the point: having a monopoly isn't de facto illegal (just look up natural monopolies), it's using the monopoly power in an anti-competitive way that's illegal. Microsoft wasn't charged with having a monopoly, they were charged because they used that monopoly to exclude Netscape Navigator and force bundling of IE.

It isn't just about monopoly or unfair competition. This can also be covered under consumer rights - the Right to Repair. No OS provider should be allowed to dictate what software you can or not run on your own device and / or OS you have paid for.

> It isn't just about monopoly or unfair competition. This can also be covered under consumer rights - the Right to Repair.

If we have a right to repair (we broadly do not, AFAICT), then that doesn't necessarily mean that we have a right to modify and/or add new functionality.

When I repair a widget that has become broken, I merely return it to its previous non-broken state. I might also decide to upgrade it in some capacity as part of this repair process, but the act of repairing doesn't imply upgrades. At all.

> No OS provider should be allowed to dictate what software you can or not run on your own device and / or OS you have paid for.

I agree completely, but here we are anyway. We've been here for quite some time.

Courts have already ruled it does in the iOS app store market. You can disagree of course but then you'd be disagreeing with legal experts who know more about anti-trust law than you do.

But Apple’s share of the desktop/laptop market is very different than their share of the mobile one.

Yes, however the parent's claim was that Apple does not have a monopoly in any market they're in which is legally demonstrably false.

You can, but that doesn't mean your opinion is as valid as those who study the subject. Otherwise we might as well follow the sovereign citizen believers.

The same way Google evaded regulatory scrutiny for refusing to allow a YouTube client for Windows Phone?

Internet Explorer Mobile is a YouTube client. You're describing a client-server disagreement when the user is talking about an entirely client-based conflict.

That's normal behavior when your server is being reverse-engineered or abused. Video bandwidth is not free.

Apple's decision is not constrained by server logic or ballooning costs, it is entirely a client-based policy to not sign CUDA drivers.

> That's normal behavior when your server is being reverse-engineered or abused. Video bandwidth is not free.

Microsoft rewrote their Windows Phone native client to pass through Google's ads. Google still blocked it.

Was it normal behavior when Google blocked Amazon Fire devices from connecting to YouTube with a web browser during the Google/Amazon corporate spat?

To be fair, Google did back down almost immediately when the tech press picked up on it.

Not allowing a native client for your monopoly market share video service on Amazon devices while also blocking Amazon's web browser on those devices is making things a bit too obvious.

Using your monopoly market share video service as a weapon against companies offering platforms that compete with your own is textbook antitrust behavior.

Google used YouTube as a weapon against both Windows Phone and devices running Amazon's Fire fork of Android.

> monopoly market share video service

A "monopoly" "service"? What have they monopolized, laziness? It's not the App Store, you can go replace it with DailyMotion at your earliest convenience.

You're still retreading why your original comment was not at all relevant to the critique being made. We have precedent for prosecuting monopolistic behavior in America, but it doesn't encompass services even when they're mandatory to use the client. It does have a precedent for arbitrarily preventing competitors from shipping a runtime that competes with the default OS, incidentally.

There hasn't been any abuse in this story as far as I know, it's not like mass downloads of videos happened with their client.

That's besides the point, you don't own the server. You cannot expect the server to work forever, or demand a right to access it.

You do own the client though. In the example upstream, the failure to support macOS clients can't be blamed on Nvidia because they already wrote AArch64 UNIX support.

You cannot use a monopoly market share product like YouTube as a weapon against companies who compete with you in other areas.

This is as basic as antitrust law gets.

Isn't all you have to do disable SIP?

I followed the instructions link and read the scripts...although the TinyGPU app is not in source form on GitHub, this looks to me like the GPU is passed into the Linux VM underneath to use the real driver and then somehow passed back out to the Mac (which might be what the TinyGrad team actually got approved).

Or I could have totally misunderstood the role of Docker in this.

https://docs.tinygrad.org/tinygpu/ are their docs, and https://github.com/tinygrad/tinygrad/tree/4d36366717aa9f1735... is the actual (user space) driver.

My read of everything is that they are using Docker for NVIDIA GPUs for the sake of "how do you compile code to target the GPU"; for AMD they're just compiling their own LLVM with the appropriate target on macOS.

Such a shame both companies are big on vanity to make great things happen. Imagine where you could run Mac hardware with nvidia on linux. It's all there, and closed walls are what's not allowing it to happen. That's what we as customers lose when we forego control of what we purchase to those that sold us the goods.

Don't purchase? I don't own any Apple devices, everything works fine.

Unfortunately, Apple still won't release iMessage for Android or Linux (unlike every other messenger platform, like whatsapp, telegram, wechat, microsoft teams, etc, which are all cross-platform).

Because of that, you need an apple device around to be able to deal with iMessage users.

But you don't need an Apple device for iMessage users. Every iMessage ID is a phone number (SMS/RCS) or email.

You've listed a whole bunch of alternatives available to you, but for some reason you demand that Apple change its unique offering into just another one of those for you. Why? Is that not a completely enforced monoculture?

Apple has always been off to the side, doing their own thing, and for some reason that fact utterly enrages people. They demand that Apple become just like everyone else. But we already have everyone else! And in every single field Apple is in, there is more of everyone else than there is of Apple.

Have you considered people like Apple products precisely because they're not like everything else? That making Apple indistinguishable from Meta or Google snuffs out customer choice? That people's preference for iMessage over Telegram is not something that requires correction by forcing iMessage into becoming Telegram?

That is no longer true. https://bluebubbles.app/ Well… it’s not exactly no longer true, you do need an Apple VM but it doesn’t have to be the end device.

This is against ToS and they will be shut down eventually

I don't understand the logic for downvotes. We vote with our wallets. When I could not update the Ram on my personal Dell machine I asked for a Frame.work in my new job. As my Intel based FW at work had thermal throttling problems, for my next personal purchase I got an AMD one. As Ubuntu had shady practices, I installed Fedora, as Gnome forced UX choices I did not want, I used KDE. As I wanted my machine to be even more stable I use an immutable spin.

The machine I'm using now represents my choices and matches what matters to me, and works closer to perfectly than all my machines in the past

And yes, I have worked with macs, and no, the UX and the entire tyranny in the Apple ecosystem was not something I could live with

And yes, this machine is fast, predictable, a joy to work with and is a tool I control, not a tool to control me. If something happens to it, I can order the part with the same price that goes into a new machine, and keep using my laptop

"We vote with our wallet, so don't complain" is a bad take in my opinion.

Like, for phones, I want a phone which runs Linux, has NFC support, and also has iMessage so my friend who only communicates with blue-bubbles and will never message a green-bubble will still talk to me. I also want it to have regulatory approval in the country I live in so I can legally use it to make calls.

Because apple has closed the iMessage ecosystem such that a linux phone can't use it, such a device is impossible. I cannot vote for it.

As such, I will complain about every phone I own for the foreseeable future.

What is the blue and green bubble thing? I've never used an iPhone so don't understand the term. Does it classify messages as iMessage and non-iMessage?

> Like, for phones, I want a phone which runs Linux, has NFC support, and also has iMessage so my friend who only communicates with blue-bubbles and will never message a green-bubble will still talk to me. I also want it to have regulatory approval in the country I live in so I can legally use it to make calls.

I actually agree with you, but I also suggest getting better friends.

if that's what you call a "friend"...

Why does Apple need to make the drivers in a walled garden? Atleast they should support major device categories with official drivers.

Doesn't Apple support the major standard device categories: NVMe, XHCI, AHCI, and such, like most operating systems do? The challenges are all for hardware that needs a vendor-specific driver instead of conforming to a standard driver interface (which doesn't always exist). Lots of those can be supported with userspace drivers, which can be supplied by third parties instead of needing to be written by Apple.

Macs and PCs are fundamentally different. Their architectures have always been distinct though the Intel Mac era has somewhat blurred the line.

Modern Mac is Macintosh descendants and by contrast PC is IBM PC descendants (their real name is technically PC-clone but because IBM PC don’t exist anymore the clone part have been scrapped).

And with Apple silicon Mac the two is again very different, for example Mac don’t use NVMe, they use just nand (their controller part is integrated in the SoC) and they don’t use UEFI or BIOS, but a combination of Boot ROM, LLB and iBoot

> Why does Apple need to make the drivers in a walled garden?

For the same reason that Microsoft requires Windows driver signing?

Drivers run with root permissions.

> Why does Apple need to make the drivers in a walled garden?

Isn't that the whole point of the walled garden, that they approve things? How could they aim and realize a walled garden without making things like that have to pass through them?

I think the OP is asking why Apple is enclosing macs in a walled garden when that concept is generally associated with iPhones, not general-purpose computers.

> Why does Apple need to make the drivers in a walled garden?

Because third party drivers usually are utter dogshit. That's how Apple managed to get double the battery life time even in the Intel era over comparable Windows based offerings.

As more people carry ARM laptops and keep the GPU somewhere else, I think the interesting UX question becomes whether the GPU can "follow" the local workflow instead of forcing the whole workflow to move to the GPU host. That's the problem we've been looking at with GPUGo / TensorFusion: local-first dev flow, remote GPU access when needed. Curious whether people here mostly want true attached-eGPU semantics, or just the lowest-friction way to access remote compute from a Mac without turning everything into a remote desktop / VM workflow.

I mean when it comes time to output the image from the GPU, I don't want to add a hundred milliseconds of network latency...

This is re gpu for compute not graphics.

Still undesirable latency for a lot of compute use cases, like image or video editing; it’s really only negligible for LLMs.

Since that’s definitely a big enough use case all on its own, I wonder if such a product should really just double down on LLMs.

remote GPU compute payloads have been around a lot longer than LLMs, they're just few and far between.

folding@home and other such asynchronous "get this packet of work done and get back to me' style of operations rarely care much about latency.

Remote transcoding efforts can usually adjust whatever buffer needed to cover huge latency gaps , a lot of sim and render suites can do remote work regardless of machine to machine latency..

I just sort of figure the industry will trend more async when latency becomes a bigger issue than compute. Won't work in some places, but I think we tend to avoid thinking that way right now due to a lack of real need to do so; but latency is one of those numbers that trends down slowly.

Using GPU for compute is nothing new or unusual these days, not for quite a while.

It’s what’s driven nearly the entire AI boom.

Woah, this is exciting. I'm traveling but I have a 5090 lying around at home. I'm eager to give it a go. Docs are here: https://docs.tinygrad.org/tinygpu/

I hope it'll work on an M4 Mac Mini. Does anyone know what hardware to get? You'll need a full ATX PSU to supply power, right? And then tinygrad can do LLM inference on it?

You can buy a cheap GPU enclosure for about 100$ off ali express.

Takes a standard PSU. However, Mac Minis don't have occulink. So you might be a bit limited by whatever USB C can do.

Now if Intel can get there Arc drivers in order we'll see some real budget fun.

https://www.newegg.com/intel-arc-pro-b70-32gb-graphics-card/...

32 GB of VRAM for 1000$. Plus a 500$ Mac Mini.

Those $100 ones don't come with a cage. If you do want a cage, you'll end up with $180 in total, with zero warranty.

Article mentions: "Apple finally approved our driver for both AMD and NVIDIA"

Does not mention Intel (GPUs). Select AMD GPUs work on macOS, but...

Macs (both Intel and ARM) support TB, but eGPU only work on Intel Macs, and basically only with AMD.

Good news is for medium end gaming choices are solid, and CUDA works on AMD these days.

Fortune favors the bold my friend.

I own one of these, the cage is just a piece of plastic. Anyway, I don't think 80$ is that big of a difference here. I can't really afford a 4k Nvidia GPU. Intel is my only hope.

Almost twice the price and simply more accurate info regarding price and features.

Brand is TH3P4G3. Egpu.io has decent eGPU comparisons.

I wouldn't want all that dust in my GPU fans, prefer that near my case fans. I also don't like it given I got cats and want to store/box hw. I do use the eGPU in the fuse box. If I had a larger house, I'd use a server rack.

I was recently in the market for an eGPU but for a different niche (not eGPU/eNPU/eTPU but getting a HBA via TB to connect a LTO-6 drive via SAS). I went for a Sonnet instead, very low profile and small. I also bought an Asus one. Slightly bigger, came with more fans but TB4 instead of TB3 on the Sonnet. The cages are aluminium. Those eGPU were second hand (also without warranty but quicker S&H than Chinese New Year) but came with PSU. As you also gotta buy a PSU for it which came with the eGPUs I mentioned. For me no biggie, as I got a decent PSU lying around.

I've been using a Sonnet eGPU box with Nvidia GPUs (1070/3070) on an Intel NUC for about 5 years, and it works great.

One nice thing about the Sonnet eGPU boxes is that they use standard SFX PSUs that are inexpensive to replace if they fail.

For LTO, I'm cheap, and iSCSI over a dedicated 2.5 Gbps Ethernet link is fast enough for my aging FC LTO-5 drives and spinning rust backup disks.

I used Sonnet egpu box on a similarly equipped Dell XPS and it had so many little issues that it sold me off of eGPUs over Thunderbolt entirely.

Sleep broke across all OSs, if sleep didn't break the GPU wouldn't get powered on with the laptop. If one side lost power during an outage (the gpu side, the laptop has a battery..) it would require an elaborate voodoo ritual of cycling both of them on and off until they 'caught' each other. It would cause the rest of the USB ports on the laptop to reset and drop comms with peripherals once or twice a week, necessitating a rain-dance restart.

when Oculink first started showing up I gave up all together and just said "fuck it i'll try it again in a few years.".

It worked fine when it worked fine, but the patches in between were not worth my time.

I blame Dell and their thunderbolt controllers entirely for the issue, but it left such a bad taste in my mouth that I would have a really tough time buying the newest Sonnet box to try it out. Now I have a desktop machine and don't fall into that market.

I ended up throwing that card (an rtx 3xxx) into a dell rackmount and have been happy with that card ever since.

to your point though: the non proprietary PSU was a nice feature, but in reality the expansion card for PCI->Thunderbolt or whichever interface you're using can be bought on alibaba for like 20-30 bucks and the PSU is worth another 30-40 bucks , a generic white-label 650w. I think if I did it over i'd just do that and make an enclosure, but the Sonnet boxes aren't too bad a value by the numbers.

Maybe I’m lacking imagination. But how will a GPU with small-ish but fast VRAM and great compute, augment a Mac with large but slow VRAM and weak compute? The interconnect isn’t powerful enough to change layers on the GPU rapidly, I guess?

> But how will a GPU with small-ish but fast VRAM and great compute, augment a Mac with large but slow VRAM and weak compute?

It would work just like a discrete GPU when doing CPU+GPU inference: you'd run a few shared layers on the discrete GPU and place the rest in unified memory. You'd want to minimize CPU/GPU transfers even more than usual, since a Thunderbolt connection only gives you equivalent throughput to PCIe 4.0 x4.

But isn’t the Mac Mini the weak link in that scenario?

It has way more unified memory than your typical dGPU.

Yes obviously. That VRAM is also slower and has weak compute attached. Loading to the external GPU will slow things down too much.

My Mini is actually the smallest model so it actually has "small but slow VRAM" (haha!) so the reason I want the GPU for are the smaller Gemmas or Qwens. Realistically, I'll probably run on an RTX 6000 Pro but this might be fun for home.

We've seen many recent projects to stream models direct from SSD to a discrete GPU's limited VRAM on PCs.

How big a bottleneck is Thunderbolt 5 compared to an SSD? Is the 120 Gbps mode only available when linked to a monitor?

That’s what, 14GB/s? The GPU‘s VRAM can do 100x that.

A discrete consumer GPU card doesn't have enough fast RAM to run a very large model that hasn't been quanitized to hell.

That's why all the projects streaming models into the GPU from an SSD popped up recently.

Yes. There’s just no way to get above 1t/s that way with a large model.

“Lying around”. I’ve got an unopened 5090 in a box that I know will suffer the same fate, so I’m sending it back. So privileged to have the money to impulse buy a 5090 and yet no time to actually do anything with it.

Interesting, but cannot run CUDA or more to the point `nvidia-smi`.

Well, to be fair, the whole shebang is from a completely different company, that have their own ML library and such, so that isn't that surprising. Although I agree that some CUDA shim or similar would be a lot more interesting, still getting to the place of running inference and training with your very own library is pretty dope already.

Pretty misleading. This driver is only for compute not graphics.

As a sizable share of the market is going to want to use this for local LLMs, I do not think this is that misleading.

GPUs can do graphics too?

Graphics was not what came to mind when I saw the headline.

Graphics is typically what comes to my mind when people talk about graphics processing units

The term eGPU gives it away, but is inaccurate.

Something like eNPU or eTPU seems more appropriate here.

If you could get Nvidia driver support on Mac’s I bet Apple would have sold more MacPro’s.

I'm writing scientific software that has components (molecular dynamics) that are much faster on GPU. I'm using CUDA only, as it's the eaisiest to code for. I'd assumed this meant no-go on ARM Macs. Does this news make that false?

This driver doesn't support CUDA.

This comment should be pinned at the top.

Isnt mlx a cuda translation later?

No, MLX is nothing like a Cuda translation layer at all. It’d be more accurate to describe MLX as a NumPy translation layer; it lets you write high level code dealing with NumPy style arrays and under the hood will use a Metal GPU or CUDA GPU for execution. It doesn’t translate existing CUDA code to run on non-CUDA devices.

My understanding is that MLX is Apple’s CUDA, so a CUDA translation layer would target MLX

No, it’s not. MLX is Apple’s NumPy more or less.

Does tinygrad support MLX?

My main thought is would this allow me to speed up prompt process for large MoE models? That is the real bottleneck for m3ultra. The tokens per second is pretty good.

tinygrad does have pretty neat support for sharding things across various devices relatively easy, that'd help. I'm guessing you'd hit the bandwidth ceiling transferring stuff back and forth though instead.

Apple should update this page for ARM macs, now runs tinygrad on eGPUs: https://support.apple.com/en-us/102363

What are the limitations of USB4/Thunderbolt compared with a regular PCIe slot?

I can speak to my own experience, YMMV

I hooked up a Radeon RX 9060 XT to my Feodra KDE laptop (Yoga Pro 7 14ASP9) using a Razer Core X Chroma (40Gbps), and the performance when using the eGPU was very similar to using the Radeon 880M built into the laptop's Ryzen 9 365 APU.

So at least with my setup, performance is not great at all.

On paper, TB4 is capable of pushing 5GB/s, which is somewhere between 4x and 8x of PCIe 3.0, while a 16x PCIe 4.0 link can do ~31.5GB/s.

For numbers about all PCIe generations and lane counts, see the "History and revisions" section here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express

Edit to add: the performance I measured is in gaming workloads, not compute

For gaming, lots of things can affect Thunderbolt eGPU performance.

First, you need to connect the display directly to the eGPU rather than to the laptop.

Second, you need to make sure you have enough VRAM to minimize texture streaming during gameplay.

Third, you'll typically see better performance in terms of higher settings/resolutions vs higher framerates at lower settings/resolutions.

Fourth, depending on your system, you may be bottlenecked by other peripherals sharing PCH lanes with the Thunderbolt connection.

Finally, depending on the Thunderbolt version, PCIe bandwidth can be significantly lower than the advertised bandwidth of the Thunderbolt link. For example, while Thunderbolt 3 advertises 40 Gbps, and typically connects via x4 PCIe 3.0 (~32 Gbps), for whatever reason it imposes a 22 Gbps cap on PCIe data over the Thunderbolt link.

Even taking all this into account, you'll still see a significant performance drop on a current-gen GPU when running over Thunderbolt, though I'd still expect a useful performance improvement over integrated graphics in most cases (though not necessarily worth the cost of the eGPU enclosure vs just buying a cheap used minitower PC on eBay and gaming on that instead of a laptop).

Well, for starters, PCIe 5.0 x16 would do something like about 60 GB/s each way, while Thunderbolt 4 does 4 GB/s each way, TB 5 does 8 GB/s each way. If you don't actually hit the bandwidth limits, it obviously matters less. Whether you'd notice a large difference would depends heavily on the type of workload.

No. It does 80Gbps.

https://www.convertunits.com/from/Gbps/to/GB/s

Derp, didn’t read closely enough. Thanks

No, it does 80 Gb/s. With encoding loss it’s closer to 8GB/s

It carries pcie, but only at x4. Thunderbolt 4 is pcie gen 3 and Thunderbolt 5 is pcie gen 4.

Thats poor.. It's just copper, why can't it be as fast as a PCIe slot..

They... do? Or rather, they built a system where they don't need to; macs happily run Linux on bare metal or VMs. (Whether Linux supports Apple hardware well is another matter)

You only own the hardware if you can use it as advertised even after breaking all ties with the vendor. Otherwise you bought a service not a product.

You aren't restricted at a hardware level.

Apple has hardware level DRM in some of their products.

So you're just replying to the headline, not the actual article. Useful.

Apple, just like Microsoft, has a driver signing process because drivers have basically system-wide access to a system. There is no evidence that nvidia has tried to get eGPU drivers signed for years, but now someone did and Apple signed it. So?

And you could always, precisely as the article states in the very first paragraph, disable System Integrity Protection if you want to run drivers that aren't signed.

> Please don't comment on whether someone read an article.

Orange Reddit is very sensitive to people pointing out that nobody rtfa

The opportunity cost of Apple refusing to sign Nvidia's OEM AArch64 drivers is probably reaching the trillion-dollar mark, now that Nvidia and ARM have their own server hardware.

Apple got out of the server game long before they adopted aarch64, so that's a trillion worth of server hardware they never would have sold anyway. And probably not actually a trillion.

Apple was the only one stopping themselves from getting back in. It's not like the Mac is a trillion-dollar market segment to begin with.

Almost everyone including myself had MacBook Pros at my last place of work.

If Apple was in the high-end server market, I see no reason why the company I was working for would not be running macOS on Apple hardware as servers, instead of the fleet of Linux based servers they had.

Why wait? You can go run macOS as a server right now. It will take you a few hours to get Docker working, and disable mdworker_shared() and turn off SIP, and then install a package manager/XCode utilities, and finally configure macOS to run as a headless UNIX box, but it's attainable.

Despite how easy Apple makes it, nobody is really using Macs as a server in production. Apple[0] is not using them as a server in production. They would need a radically different strategy to replace Linux, because their efforts on macOS still haven't replaced Windows.

[0] https://9to5mac.com/2026/03/02/some-apple-ai-servers-are-rep...

USD starts sounding more and more like meaningless tokens. Billion here, trillion there. I still have 100 trillion Zimbabwean dollars somewhere.

Feels like that here in the U.S., too.